Corona Virus: Short Notes

Coronavirus is a virus that causes respiratory sickness. It was initially discovered in China by Wuhan residents who ate bats, however, some believe it is a man-made virus that has yet to be proven.

SARS-CoV2 causes Covid-19, which is a sickness. It's a viral infection of the lungs. It enters through the mouth and nose.

If your eyes aren't clean, it's also a smart option not to touch them.

It spreads in the same way as coronavirus does, through direct touch.

People over the age of 65, as well as those with a medical history of respiratory issues, diabetes, heart disease, or cancer, are particularly vulnerable.

The severity of the infection might range from minor to fatal.

The covid-19 virus is transferred via saliva droplets or discharge from an infected person's nose (When he cough or sneeze the droplets are spread which contain a virus ) The rate of surface pollution is lower.

It's critical to practice basic hygiene, such as using elbows when sneezing.

Many experts are now saying that Covid-19 is airborne in recent tests, and regulators are considering this as well.

As a result of the mutation process, several strains and varieties have been seen in individuals, as well as a chain of viruses.

There are now six different strains of the human coronavirus, as well as a few animal viruses that have been described.

Test for detection of COVID-19

• RT-PCR test: A nose and mouth swab is obtained and sent to a lab for testing to see if it can identify COVID-19 genetic material.

• Antigen test: This test identifies the virus's protein.

• A serological test: Detects antibodies produced by the body to fight SARS COV-2; these antibodies are produced by individuals who have recovered from covid-19 infection. A blood sample is required for this procedure.

Children with Covid-19 Illness: 

The covid-19 disease affects children of all ages. However, most infected children will not become as ill as adults. Quiet carriers are newborns or toddlers who do not display any signs and are so-referred to as silent carriers. Many nations are experiencing covid -19 waves as a result of individuals failing to take measures. Virus changes have been identified, and the virus is getting more infectious as a result of the changes.

As a result, the second wave affects children more than the first.

Covid-19 in Infants: 

Children will not develop covid-19 unless their caretaker or mother is infected with the coronavirus.

Infants under the age of one are at a higher risk than other children owing to a lack of immunity and tiny airways that make it difficult to breathe.

Symptoms observed in toddlers:

• Fever and chills 
• Diarrhoea 
• Vomits 
• Headache 
• Fatigue 
• Stomach ache
• Loss of appetite 

If a toddler has no symptoms but is covid positive, doctors recommend giving him or her multivitamins and calcium to boost immunity.

Queries:

Many people wonder if testing a newborn for covid-19 is safe and whether the testing process is the same as for adults. 

Answer: Yes, it is safe for a newborn to have a test, and the same protocol is followed for toddlers, who also have nasal and throat swabs.

Measures: 

•  Wearing an N95 mask is recommended (there are various N95 masks available by the authentic one)
•  Scientists are advocating for the use of double masking procedures (if one is not wearing an N95 mask)
•  Use alcohol-based items to massage in an emergency if you don't wash your hands frequently (encouraged hand washing techniques )
•  Avoid settings with poor ventilation and maintain social distance.
•  Prior to consumption, wash fruits and vegetables.
• Consume only properly cooked foods; avoid raw foods.
• To clean your house, use disinfectant.

Patient's diet for covid-19: 

• Eat all green leafy vegetables
• Consume vitamin-C-rich fruits.
•  Eat foods that are high in fibre (dried fruits, berries, whole grains, carrots, lentils, kidney beans, oats ....)
•  Include egg, fish, meat, and poultry in your diet.
•  Drink 8-10 glasses of water to stay hydrated.
•  Avoid consuming alcoholic beverages.
•  Sugar and salt intake should be kept to a minimum.
•  Stay away from fast food and fried foods.
•  Maintain a positive attitude.
• Be aware of portion sizes of your meals

Guest post: Shaymaa Khatoon

                   M.Sc Microbiology

Covid-19 and Online Education

A minuscule viable particle has altered every aspect of life these days, and education is no exception. Yes, distinguished readers, I am talking about coronavirus also known as covid 19. Despite the fact that It had muddled up the organized education sector on one side, it overwhelmingly created a lucrative scope for online education platforms on the other. While most of the organizations witnessed terrific losses, very few optimistic entrepreneurs created numerous opportunities for themselves as well as the teaching fraternity. Although every origination has its own set of advantages, and disadvantages, I will enumerate few advantages of online education subsequently covering some limitations. I firmly believe that disadvantages can be prevented through various preventive measures. 

Let’s begin with

Advantages

a)     Unparalleled Methods of teaching:

The best part of online education is the virtual techniques in picture-perfect format. When an educator delivers instructions showing a representative image of the content, it assimilates quickly, and effortlessly to the students. To name a few human blood circulation systems with parts labeled, the direction of blood flow from and to the heart will create a solid image in the minds of students. Similarly, an arithmetic hierarchy, a structure of plant leaf, a solar system with orbits can be used for scrupulous tutelage. Moreover, enormous data available online on each topic in both visual and illustrational format for free. Animations are used widely to demonstrate a process including appropriate effects. Furthermore, institutions using 3D technology virtual images for demonstrating component structures, complex processes, tabulating variables most significantly surgical procedures. 

  b)     Interactive learning:

Learning through interaction with animated characters became revolutionary these days. A topic is explained using a character, then the same character receives answers from the students to the questions beseeched. These characters react with funny expressions for answers, which creates humor in students learning as wells as seizes their attention throughout the session. This unique interactive learning is only possible in online education. The content can be tailored or modified according to the capabilities of the student. One does not need any educator for these sessions, once the student logs into the application the screen guides the student. Certain online courses emphasize learning through debating global issues in collaboration with international organizations. These initiatives help students gain international exposure to advanced techniques. Since most of the online education classes delivered in English, students can enhance their language proficiency skills parallelly. 

  c)     Computer Education:

Students master the art of operating computer, mobile phones, tablets, understating the working of electronic devices as well as increase their familiarity with different operating systems at a very young age. Students also have the flexibility to study as per their convenience.

 d)     Artificial Intelligence:

Any online activity by any user generates data, which is randomly stored as an internal record in the application used. This data periodically transferred to the developer. Those developers immediately pull the pattern of the user programming algorithms to facilitate intelligent tutoring systems. A customized learning interface prepared in concordance with student learning style and preference.

  e)     Entertaining Games:

Games are an awesome method for learning through play. Brain twister games, speeding games, and mind refreshing games pop up the intelligent quotient of the student. It has been informally popular that students who play video games have the capability to take decisions instantly. 

f)       Bye-bye Uniforms:

The majority of educational institutions employ certain standards to be followed by the students within the campus. One of the elemental codes is uniform, consisting of exclusive top, bottom, tie, belt, badge, shoe, socks, sweater including a jacket. Moreover, students are obliged to purchase from the vendor selected by the institution, which in turn result in increased prices. Although some of the institutions do not encourage uniforms, they specify the restrictions with regard to the student attire. In online education one does not need to follow the above criteria, parents supporting multiple students can save a substantial amount.

 g)     Zero transportation time:

Almost 60% of students travel every day to school via several modes of transportation. The average travel time to school is approximately an hour. A student can save nearly 300 hours of time in an academic year, keep himself away from all types of pollution. Simultaneously, contributing to the eco-friendly climate by reducing air, and noise pollution.  This is a huge contribution to the greener earth. Additionally, Parents can also save traveling time and financial bills associated with students traveling.

 h)     Limited Bags and books:

As a rule, every student has to carry some books, and material to the educational institution every single day. These books weigh an average of 5-7 kg per student. This is the primary concern for parents throughout the world. Irrespective of the class every student must carry all the books, whereas most of them remain unused. These heavy books tend to create posture problems in many kids with challenging health, and fitness levels. Moreover, these printed editions of books are prone to damage while handling. Online education does not require printed books most of the time, as the subject notes are converted into digital notes. Again, this approach consistently saves millions of trees.  

 i)       Fresh Lunch:

Every Students can experience the taste of freshly prepared food at home avoiding the use of microwaves and also get rid of the burden of carrying a lunch box.

 j)       Comfort:

There is no place in the world as comfortable as home. Students can take advantage of familial location which boosts their confidence in answering interactive questions.

 Limitations of Technology:

Unfortunately, the needful families in developing countries do not have access to basic necessities like electricity. In addition, the affordability of internet bills, as well as purchasing power of electronic gadgets to support online education, remain an obstacle. A dedicated learning ambiance is one more barrier for online education. Students may lack discipline in routine activities, social behavior including shaking hands, smiling, starting or involving in conversations moreover understanding colloquial language is substantially limited. Difficulty in using sign languages, handwriting skills, communication skills also considerable challenges to online students. Students also miss the perks that make them smile in the class. The size of the mobile screen, quality, or resolution of pictures are equally problematic for online education. Last but not the least, practical training sessions where human intervention plays a key role are not possible in online education.

Prevention of Disadvantages:

Emissions of radiations causing eyes strains can be avoided by taking breaks at regular intervals, a threat to privacy can be secured by maintaining dedicated gadgets for education without any financial or personnel information and addiction to mobiles can be prevented by continuous counseling. 

Guest Post By

Tareeqanwar Mohammed CG(ASCP)CM

Cytogenetic Technologist

Department of Pediatrics
Lubbock, Texas, USA.

Thank you Sheenz Educational Solutions for the opportunity.

Practical learning vs theoretical learning

The most contentious topic of discussion: theory vs. practical knowledge. Some believe that students should study more about practical courses such as computer degree programs, technical degree programs, and so on. Others, however, believe that students should learn about theoretical subjects such as history and science.

But first, let's know what this term implies, and what theory is.

In our educational system, theories about knowing basic life fundamentals meet with any topic, such as science, mathematics, english, geography, and history. Theoretical knowledge, then, is the understanding of what is true. Theoretical knowledge may assist you in comprehending the underlying notion and understanding how something works and how it works.

The term "theoretical knowledge" refers to learning something without applying it in practice. It explains why one is more successful and the other is unsuccessful. Theoretical knowledge may help you grasp a notion better by allowing you to use it in a competition to figure out what's behind it.

The term "practical" refers to the ability to comprehend how the fundamentals we learned interact. Practical knowledge is critical for understanding how things operate in the context of the nations where it is learned. Today, if we use both, we must understand how they interact. If you attend class and understand some theory, why can't you use it in your daily life? Is it necessary to consider this?

Some individuals believe that students should focus on practical courses, while others believe that students should study theoretical courses. This article examines both future and historical data. Practical and theoretical knowledge, in my opinion, are both vital phases of learning and are intertwined. Holistic learning requires a perfect blend of practical and theoretical methods.

In the sphere of education, theoretical knowledge is very important. It is the foundation for nearly everything. Anything done in practice without a thorough understanding of the theory can be harmful. Theoretical knowledge clarifies the why behind any solution or functioning method. Theory instructs you based on what others have learned. To be practically effective, we must have a strong and solid theoretical foundation. While practical knowledge is important, it is just half of the picture if your article knowledge is not achieved. Medical ideas, for example, assist us in treating illnesses. Even marketing, which was formerly regarded to be exclusively practical is based on statistical data, which necessitates mathematical expertise. Those who favor practical courses believe that such subjects offer greater career chances in today's world of computers and technology. To thrive in today's competitive environment, practical knowledge and application skills are required. Understanding how things operate is critical. It is a tool for gaining a better knowledge of the concepts of road action and personal experience. It's helpful for displaying how to operate and handle things in the real world. Practical knowledge, especially in the context of professional education, aids in thorough comprehension of the idea, as well as the genesis and significance of the fact LED. There are certain complex teachings that are difficult to convey at times. As a result, showing how things work in practice will aid in appropriate comprehension. As a result, both the instructor and the student benefit from ICAI practical training. Both practical and theoretical subjects, in my opinion, go hand in hand and each has its own value. Theoretical and practical considerations are linked. All practical knowledge is built on the foundation of theory. For example, a person can become a doctor in five and a half years, which includes four and a half years of theory and one year of practice, therefore a mix of all courses should be present for the student's general growth.

To sum up, both theory and practical courses are important and should be included in school and university curricula.

Guest post by Akshay Kumar

Pursing B.Tech  from Durgapur Institute of Advanced Technology and Management (DIATM)

Website: https://panjiyaratech.blogspot.com

Advantages of online classes during pandemic

By S Adeeb Mujtaba Ali

Schools, colleges, and universities were among the most severely impacted industries, with many having to lock their doors overnight. The learning process was interrupted by forced lockdowns in different parts of the world. Physical education classes were canceled in many schools, forcing students to remain at home. Families suffered mental and psychological consequences as a result of the abrupt termination.

Many parents and students are also adapting to a new normal when living at home. ‘Necessity is the mother of all inventions,' it is often said. As a result, the educational system evolved to meet the current government safety and stay-at-home rules. Most schools and educational institutions also provide students with online courses to assist them in continuing their education.

Virtual Classes and Their Importance

According to research, children benefit from a schedule. A consistent schedule provides protection for children and aids in the development of the discipline, trust, and self-esteem. Class, homework and extracurricular sports are part of a student's everyday life. Many students' lives have been turned upside down as a result of the school closures. The lines between training, play, and hobby time are becoming increasingly blurry. Students are depressed, and their sense of wellbeing has been eroded as a result of this.

For teenagers, a virtual classroom or online school may help them get back into a routine. It keeps them interested and guarantees that they continue to learn even though schools are closed. Morning workshops, online assignments, and online tests ensure that students are engaged and disciplined in their learning.

What Are The Other Benefits Of A Virtual Classroom During Lockdown Time Apart From Uninterrupted Learning And Establishing A Routine For Students?

Device-based accessibility

Students just require a decent internet connection and a computer, tablet, or smartphone to attend class in a virtual classroom. Instead of having to deal with the everyday hassles of taking the bus or carpool to classes, students can now just open their computers and be connected to their classroom.

Use the convenience of location and time to your advantage.

Students will replay a lesson at any time because online courses allow for the archiving and documentation of lessons. All of the lessons are now saved to the server. As a result, for their virtual lesson, students are not bound to a particular location or computer.

In virtual classes, students have plenty of time to absorb what they've learned, practice what they've learned, do their own research, and develop their understanding of the subject. Rather than always catching up with their peers, they will learn at their own speed.

Around-the-Clock Education

Teachers and lecturers may be messaged by virtual classroom solutions. This choice encourages students to communicate with their teachers at any point in order to clear up any uncertainties or pose questions. This, though, is contingent on the availability of time for all teachers.

A Chance to Pick Up New Skills

Students will experiment with and experience new learning technologies using virtual classroom solutions such as Google Meet, BigBlueButton, and Zoom, among others. One of the greatest benefits of online classes is the technical proficiency and ability that students are gaining, which ranges from developing PowerPoint for assignments to conducting an online study.

Friendships and Peer Relationships

Many students are experiencing alienation and alienation as a result of the tight lockout and guidelines on social distancing. These feelings will lead to anxiety and depression if they are not addressed. Students may communicate with their classmates and colleagues in simulated classrooms. The feeling of belonging and camaraderie has now spread to the internet.

Customizable options

The material in a simulated classroom can be customized to suit the students' specific learning needs and methods. Digital learners, for example, could be guided to instructional videos. Students can tailor how they consume the lessons by using downloadable audiobooks and other personalization resources. As a result, learning outcomes are enhanced and improved.

Attendance has increased.

Students' attendance has improved significantly as they no longer have to fly to work. There has been a major increase in class attendance and engagement, as many reserved students are more comfortable engaging with teachers behind a curtain.

Learning that can be tracked 

In online courses, students' success can be easily tracked. Any student's data, including attendance records, test scores, and exam results, is stored electronically in virtual classrooms. This allows teachers to easily monitor students' progress and consider their learning curve. It assists instructors in creating online courses that are tailored to the student's learning styles and needs.

It's Exciting And Fun

Most notably, students find online virtual courses to be a fun and thrilling experience. From a young age, today's generation is fluent in modern technologies and has a strong knowledge of different devices. As a result, switching to online courses is a simple and convenient transition for them. It adds variety to conventional schooling. In addition, they are able to learn difficult topics with ease.

Finally,

Even before the pandemic made face-to-face meetings illegal, many schools were using cloud-based school management tools to optimize learning experiences and increase performance. These innovations can be funded by schools. This is due to a number of factors. We live in a constantly evolving environment, and we must prepare schools to deal with any unforeseen crisis. We need to prepare schools so that they can operate without jeopardizing students' education.

 Virtual classrooms aren't just a fad in today's world. They're the wave of the future, and a growing number of schools will turn to online school management tools to ensure they're ready for a lighter, more prosperous future.

Importance of English language in Education

 Because of its many uses and benefits in various human activities, English is spoken by speakers of several languages all over the world. Nobody can dispute English's significance as a global language in today's world. As a result, it is clear that the English language has grown in popularity across the globe. English, as a foreign language, gives us access to the most up-to-date information and is widely used.

It is also the language of the modern era and is used for communication by people all over the world. We cannot do anything on the internet unless we use the English language to express our thoughts and opinions with the entire world wide internet. How about the educational sector? English is sometimes used as a medium of contact and learning for people who study abroad. Many highly talented students have disqualified education due to a lack of English language skills. English is the primary language for higher-level studies and is used in every book.

All university interviews and presentations are conducted in English at the international level. As a result, there is a primary degree of uncertainty, as well as a high level of importance for one's professional life. Sporting events are also held in English. All data and commentary provided in any measure sport case, such as live cricket or football, is primarily in English. To fully appreciate this case, we must have a solid command of the English language.

The English language is vital. Nothing will be possible in the future unless we learn to understand and speak English. In India, the English language is extremely valuable. English has been promoted as a second language in India for the past 200 years. India made Hindi its official state language after independence, but English was given equal weight.

Many regional languages are spoken in India, but English is the only language used for interstate communication. Without English, higher education is not possible. In almost every area, such as technology, biochemistry, and non-technical English, English plays a significant role.

Apart from being the language of commerce, banking, computing, medicine, engineering, tourism, and so on, English is an official language in many countries. Fluency in English is a significant factor in work selection. An individual who speaks English draws everyone's attention and is a sign of higher education and personality. Both of these factors have rendered learning English a necessity.

Conclusion:

Well, this is the age of learning English, and in this competitive environment, everyone wants to achieve success, so English is crucial. It is a digitalization tradition, because any work performed via a digital medium, such as sending SMS, emails, blogging, etc has gained more popularity. It is a more convenient and effective way to communicate one's thoughts to another person. 

Guest post by Akshay Kumar

Pursing B.Tech  from Durgapur Institute of Advanced Technology and Management (DIATM)

Website: https://panjiyaratech.blogspot.com

 

Counselling and School guidance (India): History in brief

By S Adeeb Mujtaba Ali

From the review paper by Kodad and Kazi, it is known that according to an Indian Express interview with Sudeshna Chatterjee titled, 'Schools are neglecting to counselling, 

a) the first Child Guidance Clinic was founded by Tata Institute of Social Sciences at Wadia Hospital in 1938. 

b) In the same year, the Wadia hospital established a school health unit, which referred children with behavioral issues to the hospital. In 1979, the first school mental health clinic was founded at Nair Hospital.

Asha K. Kinra also discusses some of the significant turning points in India's school counseling progress. 

 a) In 1954, the Central Bureau of Educational and Vocational Guidance was created by India's Ministry of Education. 

b) Following the third five-year plan (1961), certified counselors and career masters, with the help of school teachers, began providing guidance services in classrooms. 

c) By the end of the third five-year plan (1966), 3000 schools offered some kind of guidance. However, these schools only had a career master on staff, whose sole responsibility was to provide vocational knowledge.

d) The Central Bureau of Educational and Vocational Guidance has assigned the task of training guidance professionals to the Regional Institutes of Guidance in Ajmer, Bhopal, Bhuvaneshwar, and Mysore, with effect from the year 2000. 

e) The primary goal of the State Educational and Vocational Guidance Bureaus is to assist students in selecting appropriate educational programs and career paths.

A review article by Kanchan Godara (Ph.D. Research scholar, MGS University, Bikaner, Rajasthan (India)) gives us an insight into the history of school counseling in India. 

Calcutta University, which founded India's first psychological laboratory in 1915, has the honor of being the first to introduce the guidance movement in India. With the help of a psychologist named Mr. Mukerjee from Calcutta, Baltiboi, a retired accountant from Calcutta, realized the importance of guidance in 1915, and he founded the 'Baltiboi Vocational Guidance Bureau' in Bombay with the sole purpose of providing guidance to the community. Patna University founded a psychological service and research department in 1945. The Parsi panchayat vocational guidance bureau was founded for the Parsi community in Bombay by trustees of the Parsi panchayat funds and properties. The government of Uttar Pradesh took another step forward in 1947 when it officially recognized the movement by establishing a psychology bureau in Allahabad. The Bombay Government created the vocational guidance bureau in Bombay in 1950, which was later renamed the 'Institute of vocational guidance bureau' in 1957. Dr. W.L. Barnett, an American educator, hosted a workshop for guidance workers around the country in 1953. Delhi's Central Institute of Education This institute is now the Central Bureau of Educational and Vocational Guidance in Delhi (CBEVG).

The bureau of educational and vocational guidance (CBEVG) is currently being established at the CIE in Delhi as part of a government-sponsored scheme. This department keeps track of the country's guidance services on a regular basis. The data is gathered by the use of a questionnaire. NCERT has been conducting periodic status surveys to gather knowledge about the guidance bureaus/cells. Guidance and therapy cells are formed at the state level under regional SIERTs. The Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA 2012), a government of India initiative aimed at universalizing secondary education at the secondary and higher secondary levels, places a strong focus on guidance and mentoring to achieve the aims of universalizing secondary education, quality challenges, and secondary education development In order to provide guidance and counseling services to school students, the RMSA has prioritized the strengthening of state-level guidance departments, the appointment and use of qualified guidance staff, and in-service training and orientation programs.

For a long time in India, school guidance facilities have been left in the hands of school teachers who are already overworked and lack experience in the field of guidance and counseling. Recent changes in Indian education, particularly the potential for free and universal education, have resulted in a new set of issues in schools and across the country.

Many kids go to school with no idea what they're going to do, and they leave with no idea what kind of jobs or occupations they should pursue. They still have limited knowledge of themselves as well as their socio-economic and political surroundings.

NCERT's 8th AISES study summarises the current state of education and vocational guidance and counseling (EVGC) in the country. Educational and technical guidance and counseling (EVGC) services are provided to students by 39,799 (33.94 percent) secondary schools and 29,604 (47.24 percent) higher secondary schools in the country.

However, these figures are merely figures; in fact, guidance and therapy in schools are given by regular school teachers; no licensed guidance counselors are present. Professional counselors are available at only a few colleges.

Excerpts from:

Counselling and School Guidance (US): History in brief

By S Adeeb Mujtaba Ali

While the foundations of therapy and instruction concepts can be traced back to ancient Greece and Rome with Plato and Aristotle's philosophical teachings, the tradition of school counseling officially began at the turn of the twentieth century. Also, there is evidence suggesting that some of the methods and skills used by modern-day guidance counselors were used by Catholic priests in the Middle Ages, as shown by the commitment to confessional confidentiality. The Universal Plaza of All the Professions of the World (1626), written by Tomaso Garzoni, was one of the first texts on career opportunities published near the end of the sixteenth century. Formal guidance programs using advanced textbooks, on the other hand, did not begin until the turn of the century.

In the United States, the social reform movement paved the way for the establishment of advice and therapy in the 1890s. Many people were angered by the struggles of inhabitants living in slums and the systematic use of child labor. One of the outcomes was the compulsory education movement, which was followed by the vocational guidance movement, which was originally concerned with leading people into the workforce so that they could become active members of society.

Frank Parsons, a social and political reformer, is widely regarded as the founder of the vocational guidance movement. The Boston Vocation Bureau was established as a result of his work with the Civic Service House.

The Boston Vocation Bureau aided in the creation of a vocational guidance system in Boston public schools in 1909. The bureau's work influenced the need for and use of vocational advice in the United States and abroad.

 The bureau's presence was known as far away as Uruguay and China by 1918. Initially, guidance and therapy were thought to be mostly vocational, but as the practice progressed, more personal interests became part of the school counselor's agenda.  

With the United States' entry into World War I (WWI), large numbers of draftees needed to be assessed, in part to choose suitable people for leadership roles. These early psychological tests on a large number of people were soon established as useful educational resources, kicking off the standardized testing movement, which is still a strong part of American public education in the early twenty-first century. At the same time, vocational guidance was becoming more widespread across the country, with over 900 high schools having some form of vocational guidance by 1918. The National Vocational Guidance Association was established in 1913, and it was instrumental in legitimizing and increasing the number of guidance counselors. Early vocational guidance counselors were frequently teachers who were assigned to the role because of the additional responsibilities it entailed in addition to their daily teaching duties.

Counseling positions were expanded in the 1920s and 1930s, and they were no longer limited to dealing with vocational issues. A student's social, medical, and educational needs all needed to be addressed. Funding for therapy services was restricted during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Guidance counselors did not see an improvement in funding for their practice until 1938, following a presidential committee's recommendation and the passage of the George Dean Act, which allocated funds specifically for the purpose of vocational guidance counseling.

Following WWII, there was a noticeable shift away from research. Carl Rogers, an American psychologist, was one of the key people who indirectly influenced this transition. His focus on "nondirective" (later known as "client-centered") therapy was embraced by those in the counseling industry. Counseling and Psychotherapy were published in 1942, and Client-Centered Therapy was published in 1951, by Rogers. In stark contrast to previous psychological and therapy theories, these two works established a modern counseling theory. This new theory emphasized the development of circumstances that put the client in control of the therapy material, rather than the counselor providing advice.

The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) was passed in 1958, and it provided funding for education in the United States at all levels, public and private. NDEA was created to promote science, mathematics, and modern foreign languages education, but it also helped with technical education, area studies, geography, English as a second language, therapy and instruction, school libraries, and educational media centers. The Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik and concerns that other countries were outperforming the US in mathematics and science fueled yet further support for school therapy. As a result, it was anticipated that by having adequate funding for education, including instruction and therapy, more students would pursue careers in science. The American School Counselor Association (ASCA) was established in the 1950s, furthering the school counselor's professional identity.

C. Gilbert Wrenn's writing, including his 1962 book The Counselor in a Changing World, highlighted the need for school counselors to be more culturally sensitive. Many more counseling ideas, such as Frederick Perl's gestalt therapy, William Glasser's truth therapy, Abraham Maslow and Rollo May's existential approach, and John Krumboltz's behavioral counseling approach, were introduced in the 1960s. During this time, legislative funding and an amendment to the NDEA provided funds for the training and employment of elementary school counselors.

In the 1970s, the school counselor began to be identified as a component of a larger program rather than as the entire program. There was a focus on the accountability of school counselor programs and the advantages of standardized assessments. The special education movement arose during this decade. The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 addressed the educational and counseling needs of students with disabilities.

Training requirements and qualifications for school therapy were established in the 1980s. This was also a period when schooling in general, and therapy services, in particular, were subjected to more rigorous scrutiny. School counselors were qualified to adapt the educational atmosphere to student needs in order for schools to provide equal educational resources for individuals with disabilities. Many counselors' responsibilities and functions evolved significantly. Counselors began serving as gatekeepers for Individualized Education Programs (IEP) and Student Study Teams (SST), as well as advisors to special education teachers, after the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 1990 was passed.

School therapy was neglected as an important part of a student's educational growth during the development of national educational standards and the school reform movement of the 1990s. With the adoption of national guidelines for school therapy services, the ASCA paid in part. These standards outlined the roles and obligations of school counseling services and demonstrated the importance of school counseling for each student's overall educational success.

Excerpt from: 

 Guidance and School Counseling - A Brief History of School Guidance and Counseling in the United States - Counselors, Students, Counselor, and Education - StateUniversity.com