By S Adeeb Mujtaba Ali While the foundations of therapy and instruction concepts can be traced back to ancient Greece and Rome with Plato and Aristotle's philosophical teachings, the tradition of school counseling officially began at the turn of the twentieth century. Also, there is evidence suggesting that some of the methods and skills used by modern-day guidance counselors were used by Catholic priests in the Middle Ages, as shown by the commitment to confessional confidentiality. The Universal Plaza of All the Professions of the World (1626) , written by Tomaso Garzoni , was one of the first texts on career opportunities published near the end of the sixteenth century. Formal guidance programs using advanced textbooks, on the other hand, did not begin until the turn of the century. In the United States, the social reform movement paved the way for the establishment of advice and therapy in the 1890s. Many people were angered by the struggles of inhabitants living in slums and t...
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